effect of organic manure mixture on growth and yield of radish (raphanussativus l)

introduction: today, production of organic farming and gardening is rising. the use of organic fertilizers such as animal manure has a long history. in recent years, the use of fertilizers and manure for providing the nutritional needs of plants, improve soil physical and chemical structure and reduce the environmental issues have been observed. animal manures can increase soil organic matter and nutrients, improve soil structure and water-holding capacity which in turn increase the quality and quantity of the product to follow. manure is a valuable source of biological, ecological and environmental benefits is positive and its main use is for agricultural use. radish is an important root vegetable that belongs to the cruciferous (brassicaceae). value radish on high levels of dietary is related to soluble fiber and antioxidants. radish is a native plant to asia, china and europe. the oral part of the botanical garden radish is important and that kind of traditional varieties have long hypocotyls include root and hypocotyls made.the purpose of this test is to evaluate the different mixture amount of animal fertilizers on the growth and yield of radish plants and compare them to each other. materials and methods: in order to study of different manure effect on radish growth and yield, an experiment carried out in 2012-2013 in the greenhouse of gonbad- kavos university with geographical characteristics 37.16 degrees north, 55.12 ° east and with a height of 45 meters above sea level in a completely randomized design with four replications. soil and fertilizers used to this experiment were made of the soil and livestock of gonbad- kavos university. soil texture was clay loam and ph was 7.7 obtained from soil analysis. to obtain the required levels of fertilizer treatments (25, 50, 75, 100), a measure was considered as the basis of each treatment on the basis of the ratio were calculated. the treatments included control (soil), 25 percent cow manure+ 75 percent soil, 50 percent cow manure + 50 percent soil, 75 percent cow manure + 25 percent soil, 100 percent cow manure, 25 percent sheep manure+ 75 percent soil, 50 percent sheep manure + 50 percent soil, 75 percent sheep manure + 25 percent soil, 100 percent sheep manure, 25 percent poultry manure+ 75 percent soil, 50 percent poultry manure + 50 percent soil, 75 percent poultry manure + 25 percent soil, 100 percent poultry manure. plant height, leaf length, tuber length, tuber diagonal, tuber weight, leaf weight, leaves dry weight and hollow bulb grade were studied. the experiment was conducted under weed control, lack of water restriction and control pests and diseases. to achieve maximum plant growth, we harvested on 2th april 2013 and plant height, leaf length, bulb length, diameter of the bulb, wet bulb, wet leaves and leaf dry weight was measured. after traits recorded, leaves isolated and dried in in oven at 72 degrees for 24 hours and dry matter content was determined. statistical analysis and data analysis was performed with sas and excel computer programs were used to mean comparing with the lsd test at the level of 5 percent. results and discussion: variance analysis results showed that measured traits affect by manure using significantly (p<0.01). among the treatments, 100 percent cow manure had the most effect on tuber weight, leaf dry weight, leaf length growth, tuber length and diagonal and the least amounts linked to 50 percent poultry manure. the optimum of quantify yield and low hollow bulb grade of tuber gained at 100 percent cow manure. 50 percent of poultry manure treatment with the average tuber weight was less than1.83 gr. the treatment poultry manure with a high nitrogen content by several ways effects on soil physical characteristics that include an increase in soil temperature, water absorption rate of several times, its weight, helping to form aggregates and nutritional effects that can increase the performance of treatment, rather than 25 percent of poultry manure to the property. tuber weight of tuber is an important factor in increasing yield of radish that increases it by increasing the amount of tuber weight. the results of this study showed that the application of fertilizers and amount of fertilizers and animal manure, traits showed significant difference compared to the control treatment. between treatments, the treatment 100 percent cow manure and poultry manure (25 percent) had the greatest impact. to obtain the best yield with best quality (less tuber hollow degree) among the treatment 100 percent cow manure was the best.